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100 Midjourney Style References to Take Your Creativity in New Directions

A practical guide to 100 Midjourney Style Reference directions, with prompt starters, use cases, cautions, version notes, and advice for finding or creating usable style codes.

By ThatPainter Team 17 min read

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Midjourney Style References are a practical way to change the visual direction of an image without cramming your prompt with contradictory adjectives. Add an image or a numerical style code with --sref, then adjust its influence with --sw.

The 100 ideas below are creative starting points—not permanent, official presets. Style-code behavior depends on the Midjourney model, Style Reference version, prompt, and other parameters. Record those details whenever you save a reference. Style References are compatible with Midjourney V6 and later, according to Midjourney’s documentation.

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Quick start: use a Style Reference in seconds

editorial portrait of a mountain climber at dawn --sref YOUR_CODE --sw 100

Replace YOUR_CODE with a numerical style code, or use an image reference through Midjourney’s website. A useful first comparison is:

--sw 25
--sw 100
--sw 250
--sw 500

--sw ranges from 0 to 1000 and defaults to 100. Higher values generally make the reference more influential, but the result is not a literal percentage blend. Keep --s (stylize) constant while comparing references; the documented range is 0–1000, with 100 as the current default in the latest versions. See the Stylize guide.

Website workflow

  1. Open Midjourney’s Create page.
  2. Enter your subject in the Imagine bar.
  3. Add or upload an image.
  4. Place it in Style Reference, not Image Prompt or Character/Omni Reference.
  5. Submit the prompt and adjust Style Weight where available.

The website makes these image roles explicit. Choosing the wrong field is one of the most common reasons a reference produces unexpected content.

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Discord syntax

/imagine prompt: editorial portrait of a mountain climber at dawn --sref 123456789
/imagine prompt: editorial portrait of a mountain climber at dawn --sref random
/imagine prompt: editorial portrait of a mountain climber at dawn --sref 123456789 --sw 250
/imagine prompt: futuristic greenhouse --sref URL1::2 URL2::1 URL3::1

Use --sref random when you want Midjourney to generate a style code for exploration. Save a promising code and its full settings before relying on it.

What a Midjourney Style Reference actually changes

A Style Reference transfers the visual feel of an image or code: palette, texture, lighting, medium, line quality, rendering treatment, atmosphere, and sometimes composition tendencies. It is intended to transfer style rather than the specific objects or people in the source.

It does not guarantee an exact duplicate, exact artist imitation, identical composition, preservation of every object, or identical output across prompts and model versions. Image content can still leak into a result, especially when the source contains a strong silhouette, distinctive prop, recognizable face, or unusual composition.

For that reason, describe the subject plainly and let the reference provide much of the visual treatment. A focused prompt such as editorial portrait of a botanist in a glasshouse is often easier to control than a long chain of competing style adjectives. Midjourney recommends avoiding instructions such as “copy this style.”

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Image references, style codes, and related tools

Tool Best for Important limitation
Style Reference (--sref) A project-specific visual direction Model-dependent; may pick up some source content
Image Prompt Influencing content, composition, colors, and style together Less style-specific and more likely to affect subject or layout
Character/Omni Reference Carrying a character or object into new images Not a substitute for a style reference
Moodboard A broader personal aesthetic Distinct Personalization workflow; incompatible with --sw and --sv
Personalization Teaching Midjourney your general taste Different from an individual project reference or SREF code
Style Creator Building a custom style code through visual selection V7 previews consume GPU time and sessions cannot be reopened after closing

For current codes, use Midjourney’s Style Explorer: browse a style, choose Try Style, copy its code, and save promising results. Liking a style code does not change your Personalization profile.

How to use the 100 references

The entries are deliberately descriptive rather than fabricated code dumps. There is no permanent universal list in which “style 37” always produces one look. For each direction, find a suitable image in Style Explorer, upload your own reference, use --sref random, or create a custom code with Style Creator.

Start every comparison with the same subject, aspect ratio, model, --s, and initial --sw. A useful base prompt is:

editorial portrait of a woman standing in a windswept field, dramatic natural light, detailed clothing, clean composition

Then test the shortlisted directions on a person, an object or product, an environment, and a multi-element scene. Save the code or image URL, model, Style Reference version, date, prompt, --sw, and --s. For image-based V7 tests, Midjourney documents --sv 6 as the default and --sv 4 as an older option; V6 has its own Style Reference versions. Older codes may require a version-qualified test.

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A. Traditional media and illustration

  1. Graphite editorial sketch

    Best for: portraits, reportage, fashion concepts. Starting prompt: editorial portrait of a botanist in a glasshouse. Try it with: an architectural facade at noon. Watch out for: pale values and lost color.

  2. Charcoal life drawing

    Best for: expressive figures and gesture studies. Starting prompt: dancer crossing an empty stage. Try it with: a wind-bent tree. Watch out for: soft edges and facial detail.

  3. Ink wash

    Best for: atmospheric landscapes and quiet narratives. Starting prompt: fishing village before rain. Try it with: a still life of pears. Watch out for: delicate objects merging into washes.

  4. Dry-brush ink

    Best for: energetic marks and rugged subjects. Starting prompt: climber on a rocky ridge. Try it with: a mechanical bird. Watch out for: noisy edges around small forms.

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  5. Colored-pencil rendering

    Best for: tactile editorial illustration. Starting prompt: market stall with citrus fruit. Try it with: a child’s raincoat. Watch out for: fine textures becoming overly busy.

  6. Watercolor field journal

    Best for: travel, botany, and observational scenes. Starting prompt: mountain meadow with field notes. Try it with: a harbor at low tide. Watch out for: weak contrast in distant forms.

  7. Gouache poster illustration

    Best for: bold editorial graphics and travel art. Starting prompt: coastal train crossing a bridge. Try it with: a houseplant collection. Watch out for: realistic depth flattening.

  8. Oil-paint impasto

    Best for: dramatic portraits and luminous landscapes. Starting prompt: woman in a red coat beside the sea. Try it with: antique brass objects. Watch out for: lettering and tiny details.

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  9. Acrylic flat-paint illustration

    Best for: clean shapes and contemporary posters. Starting prompt: cyclist in a city plaza. Try it with: a fruit bowl. Watch out for: subtle material variation.

  10. Pastel dreamscape

    Best for: gentle fantasy and emotional scenes. Starting prompt: moonlit meadow with a fox. Try it with: a quiet bedroom. Watch out for: muddy shadows at high weight.

B. Printmaking and graphic reproduction

  1. Woodcut

    Best for: bold silhouettes and folklore. Try: lighthouse in a storm. Watch out for: narrow tonal ranges.

  2. Linocut

    Best for: handmade posters and botanical forms. Try: market vegetables. Watch out for: fragile linework.

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  3. Copperplate engraving

    Best for: historical subjects and intricate line. Try: observatory interior. Watch out for: modern rounded forms becoming ornate.

  4. Etching

    Best for: moody architecture and literary illustration. Try: old railway station. Watch out for: faces becoming heavily lined.

  5. Lithograph

    Best for: soft poster color and vintage travel imagery. Try: desert highway. Watch out for: gradients becoming grainy.

  6. Risograph

    Best for: contemporary zines and limited-color graphics. Try: ceramic vase on a table. Watch out for: registration shifts near detail.

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  7. Screen print

    Best for: apparel graphics and strong color blocks. Try: skateboarder under streetlights. Watch out for: photographic realism.

  8. Halftone newspaper print

    Best for: newsprint, comics, and retro editorial work. Try: city intersection. Watch out for: smooth skin and clean skies.

  9. Vintage offset poster

    Best for: public campaigns and travel-poster compositions. Try: alpine lake. Watch out for: legible typography.

  10. Two-color pulp-cover printing

    Best for: suspense, adventure, and bold storytelling. Try: explorer entering a cave. Watch out for: nuanced palettes.

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C. Historical and period-inspired directions

  1. Art Nouveau ornament

    Best for: botanical borders and flowing figures. Try: perfume bottle in a garden. Watch out for: straight architectural lines.

  2. Art Deco geometry

    Best for: luxury, symmetry, and architectural glamour. Try: hotel lobby. Watch out for: organic scenes becoming rigid.

  3. Bauhaus minimalism

    Best for: restrained geometry and poster design. Try: chair beside a window. Watch out for: decorative texture.

  4. Mid-century modern editorial

    Best for: optimistic interiors and lifestyle scenes. Try: family breakfast. Watch out for: crowded compositions.

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  5. 1960s psychedelic poster

    Best for: music, surreal color, and flowing type-like shapes. Try: musician in a forest. Watch out for: readable text.

  6. 1970s airbrush fantasy

    Best for: cosmic landscapes and fantasy covers. Try: astronaut above a planet. Watch out for: realistic surface texture.

  7. 1980s neon editorial

    Best for: nightlife, fashion, and energetic portraits. Try: dancer in a parking garage. Watch out for: blown highlights.

  8. 1990s analog magazine

    Best for: candid fashion and cultural editorial work. Try: record shop interior. Watch out for: excessive grain.

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  9. Early web graphics

    Best for: nostalgic interfaces and digital collage. Try: bedroom computer desk. Watch out for: garbled interface text.

  10. Victorian scientific illustration

    Best for: natural history and educational concepts. Try: imaginary deep-sea creature. Watch out for: dramatic cinematic lighting.

These are broad movements and production treatments, not invitations to imitate a living artist’s signature style. Describe observable attributes—materials, palette, line, period, and process—instead.

D. Photography and cinematography

  1. Large-format studio portrait

    Best for: controlled portraits and product campaigns. Try: ceramic sculpture. Watch out for: spontaneous movement.

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  2. Documentary street photography

    Best for: candid urban narratives. Try: morning market. Watch out for: deliberate symmetry.

  3. Cinematic anamorphic frame

    Best for: filmic landscapes and dramatic storytelling. Try: train arriving at dusk. Watch out for: lens artifacts around details.

  4. Soft-focus romantic photography

    Best for: weddings, memory, and intimate portraits. Try: wildflowers in a vase. Watch out for: crisp edges.

  5. Harsh flash photography

    Best for: nightlife and confrontational fashion. Try: diner at midnight. Watch out for: deep background darkness.

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  6. Infrared landscape

    Best for: uncanny nature and surreal travel art. Try: city park. Watch out for: natural-looking greens.

  7. Polaroid snapshot

    Best for: personal memory and informal storytelling. Try: roadside motel. Watch out for: precise architectural lines.

  8. Disposable-camera grain

    Best for: youthful, candid, imperfect scenes. Try: concert crowd. Watch out for: low-light clarity.

  9. High-key commercial beauty

    Best for: skincare, cosmetics, and clean portraits. Try: white ceramic bottle. Watch out for: atmospheric mood.

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  10. Low-key film noir

    Best for: mystery, shadow, and theatrical interiors. Try: detective beside a window. Watch out for: bright, cheerful palettes.

E. Color-led references

  1. Monochrome blue

    Best for: calm, distance, and nocturnal scenes. Try: lighthouse interior. Watch out for: color-coded objects losing distinction.

  2. Sepia archival warmth

    Best for: memory and historical atmosphere. Try: railway platform. Watch out for: contemporary freshness.

  3. Limited red-black palette

    Best for: posters, danger, and graphic drama. Try: boxer in a gym. Watch out for: natural skin tones.

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  4. Pastel candy palette

    Best for: playful products and cheerful scenes. Try: bakery counter. Watch out for: gravitas.

  5. Earth-tone naturalism

    Best for: craft, landscape, and sustainable brands. Try: handmade basket. Watch out for: high-energy contrast.

  6. Acid-neon contrast

    Best for: music, nightlife, and speculative fashion. Try: futuristic street vendor. Watch out for: subtle material differences.

  7. Jewel-tone fantasy

    Best for: theatrical portraits and mythic scenes. Try: masked queen in a hall. Watch out for: visual restraint.

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  8. Bleached desert palette

    Best for: heat, solitude, and travel narratives. Try: abandoned gas station. Watch out for: cool shadows.

  9. Cool clinical palette

    Best for: science, technology, and sterile interiors. Try: laboratory greenhouse. Watch out for: warmth and nostalgia.

  10. Black, cream, and one accent

    Best for: branding and editorial clarity. Try: red umbrella in a plaza. Watch out for: multicolored environments.

F. Texture and material

  1. Handmade paper

    Best for: stationery, crafts, and intimate illustration. Try: desk with letters. Watch out for: clean digital surfaces.

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  2. Torn collage

    Best for: activist posters and layered storytelling. Try: city election notice. Watch out for: coherent depth.

  3. Woven textile

    Best for: tactile patterns and cultural storytelling. Try: village courtyard. Watch out for: accurate anatomy in dense patterns.

  4. Ceramic glaze

    Best for: luminous surfaces and still life. Try: blue vase with lemons. Watch out for: soft organic textures.

  5. Oxidized metal

    Best for: industrial, weathered, and post-apocalyptic concepts. Try: robot in a workshop. Watch out for: clean white objects.

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  6. Glass and refraction

    Best for: luxury products and dreamlike portraits. Try: perfume bottle near sunlight. Watch out for: object boundaries.

  7. Wax and encaustic surface

    Best for: glowing, layered fine-art imagery. Try: portrait with dried flowers. Watch out for: sharp typography.

  8. Weathered fresco

    Best for: ruins, mythology, and aged walls. Try: astronaut in a chapel. Watch out for: modern polished materials.

  9. Embroidery and thread

    Best for: folk narratives and fabric-like illustration. Try: forest animals. Watch out for: realistic perspective.

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  10. Cut-paper shadowbox

    Best for: layered scenes and children’s illustration. Try: moonlit city. Watch out for: naturalistic texture.

G. Editorial, fashion, and commercial design

  1. Luxury fragrance campaign

    Best for: perfume, jewelry, and high-end product stories. Try: black glass bottle on marble. Watch out for: casual imperfection.

  2. Avant-garde fashion editorial

    Best for: silhouettes, couture, and unusual posing. Try: model in a salt flat. Watch out for: wearable practicality.

  3. Minimalist product catalog

    Best for: clean object studies. Try: desk lamp on a neutral field. Watch out for: narrative atmosphere.

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  4. Independent fashion magazine

    Best for: layered editorial portraits. Try: musician backstage. Watch out for: restrained styling.

  5. Streetwear lookbook

    Best for: urban clothing and energetic poses. Try: skater beneath an overpass. Watch out for: formal elegance.

  6. Botanical cosmetics campaign

    Best for: skincare and natural product imagery. Try: cream jar among leaves. Watch out for: rugged industrial scenes.

  7. Architectural design spread

    Best for: buildings, interiors, and material boards. Try: concrete library. Watch out for: human expressions.

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  8. Travel-poster campaign

    Best for: destinations and bold scenic marketing. Try: monsoon railway journey. Watch out for: accurate signage.

  9. Children’s publishing cover

    Best for: friendly characters and readable silhouettes. Try: fox finds a lantern. Watch out for: consistent character identity.

  10. Music-album packaging

    Best for: symbolic, memorable cover concepts. Try: electronic musician in a flooded theater. Watch out for: legible album text.

H. Animation, comics, and game-art directions

  1. Hand-painted animation background

    Best for: atmospheric environments. Try: village street at sunset. Watch out for: foreground anatomy.

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  2. Storyboard pencil panels

    Best for: action planning and sequential ideas. Try: astronaut opens a door. Watch out for: polished final-render detail.

  3. Graphic-novel chiaroscuro

    Best for: crime, suspense, and dramatic portraits. Try: journalist in an alley. Watch out for: bright scenes.

  4. Flat cel-animation design

    Best for: clean characters and graphic scenes. Try: robot watering flowers. Watch out for: complex surface texture.

  5. Stop-motion miniature set

    Best for: handcrafted worlds and whimsical stories. Try: tiny bakery at night. Watch out for: large-scale realism.

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  6. Saturday-morning cartoon energy

    Best for: action, humor, and expressive shapes. Try: heroes chase a runaway cloud. Watch out for: subtle emotion.

  7. Isometric game environment

    Best for: maps, rooms, and game-world concepts. Try: alchemist’s workshop. Watch out for: natural camera perspective.

  8. Retro arcade pixel art

    Best for: icons, game concepts, and nostalgic graphics. Try: haunted space station. Watch out for: fine facial features.

  9. Tactical science-fiction concept art

    Best for: vehicles, equipment, and worldbuilding. Try: expedition rover on Europa. Watch out for: friendly domestic scenes.

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  10. Cozy fantasy game illustration

    Best for: inviting interiors and gentle adventure. Try: witch’s tea shop. Watch out for: menace and harsh contrast.

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I. Surreal, speculative, and atmospheric

  1. Oneiric dream logic

    Best for: poetic transformations and narrative art. Try: house floating over a lake. Watch out for: practical architecture.

  2. Cosmic horror

    Best for: dread, scale, and unknowable environments. Try: diver beneath an impossible ocean. Watch out for: cheerful commercial tone.

  3. Solarpunk optimism

    Best for: ecological futures and community design. Try: rooftop garden city. Watch out for: dystopian grit.

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  4. Retro-futurist machinery

    Best for: speculative vehicles and optimistic technology. Try: lunar train station. Watch out for: organic softness.

  5. Biomechanical surrealism

    Best for: alien anatomy and machine-organic concepts. Try: mechanical orchid. Watch out for: simple product silhouettes.

  6. Underwater cathedral

    Best for: monumental fantasy and luminous interiors. Try: library beneath the sea. Watch out for: dry-land realism.

  7. Fogbound folklore

    Best for: mystery, rural myth, and muted landscapes. Try: traveler at a forest shrine. Watch out for: bright midday scenes.

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  8. Alien botanical study

    Best for: speculative nature and scientific illustration. Try: plant from a distant moon. Watch out for: familiar garden realism.

  9. Liminal architecture

    Best for: empty spaces and uncanny transitions. Try: endless hotel corridor. Watch out for: crowded social scenes.

  10. Mythic monumental fantasy

    Best for: gods, temples, and epic landscapes. Try: giant statue above a city. Watch out for: intimate still lifes.

J. Experimental and hybrid approaches

  1. Collage plus photography

    Best for: campaigns and conceptual portraits. Try: athlete surrounded by paper waves. Watch out for: seamless realism.

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  2. Ink plus 3D render

    Best for: product concepts and technical fantasy. Try: ink-drawn rover model. Watch out for: consistent line perspective.

  3. Watercolor plus technical diagram

    Best for: science, travel, and educational narratives. Try: annotated coral reef. Watch out for: accurate lettering.

  4. Risograph plus brutalist typography

    Best for: posters, zines, and cultural events. Try: modern dance festival. Watch out for: readable type.

  5. Ceramic sculpture plus studio photography

    Best for: tactile product and gallery concepts. Try: sculptural animal on a plinth. Watch out for: flexible fabric.

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  6. Paper diorama plus cinematic lighting

    Best for: miniature storytelling and advertising. Try: paper city during a storm. Watch out for: realistic scale.

  7. Fashion editorial plus archival scan

    Best for: historical-modern contrasts. Try: contemporary model in an old station. Watch out for: clean skin and fabric detail.

  8. Botanical illustration plus cybernetic detail

    Best for: science-fiction nature and packaging. Try: augmented medicinal plant. Watch out for: believable organic anatomy.

  9. Renaissance composition plus contemporary materials

    Best for: staged portraits and symbolic campaigns. Try: astronaut at a banquet table. Watch out for: casual candidness.

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  10. Random style-code discovery challenge

    Best for: escaping a creative rut. Starting prompt: editorial portrait of a woman standing in a windswept field. Method: run --sref random, save promising codes, then test each on an object and an environment. Watch out for: treating a lucky single image as a transferable style.

How to make the list reproducible

For each reference you keep, use a record like this:

Direction: Graphite editorial sketch
Reference: image URL or numeric SREF code
Model: V7
Style Reference version: 6
Prompt: editorial portrait of a woman standing in a windswept field...
Aspect ratio: 4:5
Style Weight: 100
Stylize: 100
Date tested: YYYY-MM-DD

Do not publish a bare code without these details. The same number can behave differently after a model or Style Reference update. If an older V7 code no longer matches, compare --sv 6 with the documented older setting --sv 4. For V6, record the V6 Style Reference version separately.

Strength controls: when to use low, default, or high weight

Starting point Use it when Typical risk
--sw 25 You want a light color or texture nudge The reference may seem ineffective
--sw 100 You want a balanced first comparison No setting is universally balanced
--sw 250 The direction is clear but the prompt still needs freedom Source composition may begin to show
--sw 500 or higher You need a dominant visual treatment Prompt flexibility and subject accuracy can decline

Also remember that high --s gives Midjourney more artistic freedom. That can complement a reference or compete with it. Keep stylize fixed when testing; change it only after you understand the reference’s baseline behavior.

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When a reference fails

The reference appears to do nothing

  1. Confirm the image is in Style Reference, not another image field.
  2. Simplify the text prompt.
  3. Raise --sw gradually from 100 to 250 or 500.
  4. Remove conflicting style adjectives.
  5. Try the reference with a simpler subject.

The output copies too much of the source

Lower --sw, choose a more abstract reference, and test it with a radically different subject. Avoid repeating the source object or pose in the text prompt.

The result is generic

Use a more visually specific reference, raise --sw, or add one concrete material or medium descriptor. Too many generic adjectives usually make the prompt less coherent, not more distinctive.

The style works for one subject but not another

Label it subject-sensitive. A good style reference should survive tests on a person, product, environment, and multi-element scene. If it does not, keep it for the narrow project it suits rather than presenting it as a universal preset.

Several references make the image muddy

Use multiple references only when they share a deliberate feature—for example, one for palette and one for material texture. Remove conflicting references before increasing their weights. More references do not automatically produce more art direction.

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Style Creator: make your own reference code

Midjourney’s Style Creator builds a custom Style Reference Code through repeated visual selections. Its previews use V7 and consume GPU time. Midjourney says styles often stabilize after roughly five to ten refinement rounds, with subtler changes later. A session cannot be reopened after closing, so save the code before leaving.

  1. Begin with a simple prompt.
  2. Select the previews closest to your desired aesthetic.
  3. Continue through several refinement rounds.
  4. Save the resulting code.
  5. Test it on unrelated subjects.
  6. Record the prompt, model, code, weights, and any stacked codes.

The Style Creator prompt influences the preview images, but it does not itself define the selection algorithm. A complex prompt can make the preview look more specific than the resulting style really is.

Style Reference versus Personalization and Moodboards

Use --sref when you want one visual direction for a project. Use Personalization or Moodboards when you want Midjourney to reflect a broader, recurring taste across work. They are related but not interchangeable systems. Midjourney states that Moodboards cannot be used with --sv or --sw.

Use Character or Omni Reference when the priority is carrying a particular character or object forward. Use an Image Prompt when you want the source to influence content, composition, colors, and style together. The official Character Reference documentation explains that identity-oriented references serve a different purpose from Style References.

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Choosing a plan for systematic exploration

Testing 100 directions can consume GPU time quickly, especially when you compare weights, generate variations, and upscale finalists. Midjourney’s plan documentation currently lists Basic at $10 monthly, Standard at $30, Pro at $60, and Mega at $120, with annual equivalents listed as 20% lower; prices and features can change.

  • Basic: reasonable for trying a few references.
  • Standard: the most natural fit for broad experimentation because it includes unlimited image generation in Relax Mode.
  • Pro: useful for heavier workflows and private work through Stealth Mode.
  • Mega: aimed at unusually high-volume production.

Pro and Mega do not inherently create better Style Reference results. Their main advantages are privacy, concurrency, and GPU capacity. Midjourney says a typical image prompt uses approximately one minute of GPU time, although the actual amount varies. A sensible workflow is to discover with simple prompts, shortlist 10–20 directions, cross-test those, and reserve faster GPU time for finalists.

Rights, privacy, and production limits

Do not treat a Style Reference as a guarantee of originality, legal clearance, or non-infringement. Prefer references you have permission to use, public-domain or appropriately licensed material, and descriptive terms based on medium, era, process, palette, and visual structure. Avoid presenting an output as being “by” a named living artist.

Midjourney’s subscription documentation says subscribers generally receive commercial usage rights for outputs, subject to its terms; companies with more than $1 million in gross revenue must use Pro or Mega under the stated plan conditions. That does not answer separate copyright, trademark, publicity-rights, source-image, or client-contract questions. Read the current plan documentation and Terms of Service for your situation.

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Creations are open by default and may be discoverable on Explore. If confidential client work matters, consider whether a plan with Stealth Mode is appropriate. Midjourney is also a poor fit when you need pixel-perfect layouts, exact brand-asset reproduction, guaranteed identity over a large production, permanently deterministic results, or a no-subscription workflow.

Final checklist

  • Use a focused subject prompt.
  • Put the image in Style Reference.
  • Keep model, aspect ratio, --s, and seed consistent during comparisons where meaningful.
  • Start at --sw 100, then compare lower and higher values.
  • Test the direction across unrelated subjects.
  • Record the model, --sv, code or image URL, prompt, weights, and date.
  • Use Style Explorer or Style Creator for current, reproducible discovery.
  • Do not assume a code is permanent, universal, or legally cleared.

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