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fig2dev

Xfig: Draw and Manipulate Objects Interactively on X11

Xfig is an X11-based object drawing tool for technical diagrams, LaTeX figures and legacy .fig files. Learn its workflow, installation, export tools and limitations.

By ThatPainter Team 6 min read
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Xfig is a menu-driven, object-based drawing program for the X Window System. It is designed mainly for technical figures—such as flowcharts, schematics, geometric illustrations and LaTeX graphics—rather than modern freeform design. Xfig remains useful for editing legacy .fig files and for Unix/Linux publishing workflows that use fig2dev to create PDF, PostScript, SVG, raster or TeX-related output.

What is Xfig?

Xfig stands for Facility for Interactive Generation of figures under X11. It lets you draw and manipulate objects interactively in an X Window System application. Unlike a paint program, which primarily edits pixels, Xfig stores lines, shapes, text and other elements as editable drawing objects.

Its natural territory is technical illustration: diagrams, flowcharts, electrical and logic schematics, annotated figures, geometric drawings and graphics prepared for LaTeX or PostScript-based documents. The project remains available through its official website and is packaged by Debian. As indexed in August 2026, Debian packages are in the 3.2.9a series; other distributions may provide a different revision.

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What can you draw?

Xfig provides object types suited to structured diagrams, including:

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  • Lines, polylines, polygons and arrows
  • Boxes, rounded boxes, circles and ellipses
  • Arcs and splines, including filled splines
  • Text with configurable fonts, alignment and size
  • Imported pictures
  • Compound objects for grouping related elements
  • Fill patterns, colors and depth ordering

Objects can be selected, moved, copied, scaled, rotated and aligned. Grouping is useful for treating a diagram component as a unit, while depth controls which objects appear in front of others. Constrained movement and copying help maintain consistent geometry. Libraries provide reusable symbols and clip art, which is especially useful for repeated schematic or diagram elements.

How the interface works

Xfig uses the traditional X11 and Athena Widgets style of interface rather than a modern GTK, Qt or browser-based layout. A mode or tool panel determines whether you are creating a line, box, ellipse, text object or another element. You then place and edit that object directly on the canvas.

Mouse-button behavior is important. Xfig was designed around a two- or three-button mouse. On a two-button mouse, pressing Meta together with the right mouse button performs the middle-button action, according to the Xfig manual. The exact completion gesture for a drawing operation can vary by tool and version, so the HTML or PDF documentation installed with your package is worth keeping nearby.

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Installing Xfig on Debian or Ubuntu

For a Debian-family system, install the application together with its conversion tools and documentation:

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sudo apt update
sudo apt install xfig fig2dev xfig-doc xfig-libs

The packages have distinct roles:

  • xfig: the graphical editor.
  • fig2dev: conversion and output support.
  • xfig-doc: manuals, examples and documentation.
  • xfig-libs: clip-art libraries and example resources.

This is a Debian-family example, not a universal command. Package names and versions vary on other Unix and Linux systems. Debian’s package information and the project’s download links are appropriate starting points for other installations.

Launching Xfig and opening a figure

Start a blank drawing with:

xfig

Open an existing native file with:

xfig drawing.fig

The documented command form is:

xfig [options] [file]

To inspect supported command-line options, use:

xfig -help

Xfig requires an X11 display. On a Linux desktop running Wayland, XWayland may provide compatibility, but success depends on the desktop, installed libraries, fonts and configuration. Remote use may require X forwarding or another working X11 display mechanism.

A practical first-figure workflow

  1. Launch xfig.
  2. Choose a drawing mode such as line, box, ellipse or text.
  3. Click points on the canvas to place the object, following the selected tool’s completion gesture.
  4. Switch to the selection or editing mode.
  5. Click an object to select it.
  6. Move, copy, rotate, scale or delete the object as needed.
  7. Use compound objects to group related parts of the figure.
  8. Adjust alignment, depth, arrowheads, line styles, fills and text.
  9. Save the editable source as a .fig file.
  10. Use fig2dev when you need a publication or image format.

The native .fig format

A .fig file is Xfig’s native editable format. It describes drawing objects rather than only storing a raster snapshot, so a saved figure can be reopened and modified at object level.

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The Fig documentation states that later versions of Xfig and TransFig can read older Fig files. Compatibility is strongest for ordinary native Fig objects, but a particular file may also depend on fonts, imported images, paths, export settings or version-specific features. Preserve the original source images and retain a backup before editing an archival figure.

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For an existing file, a cautious workflow is:

cp existing-diagram.fig existing-diagram.backup.fig
xfig existing-diagram.fig

After opening it, check text appearance, imported images and page settings. Save under a new name, export a test file and compare it with the original before replacing production artwork.

Exporting with fig2dev

Xfig edits the figure; fig2dev performs the conversion or output step. Historically associated with the TransFig toolchain, it is the part of the workflow that turns a native Fig drawing into a format used by a document, printer or image viewer.

Documented output families include:

  • PDF, PostScript and Encapsulated PostScript
  • SVG, CGM and EMF
  • GIF, JPEG, PCX, PNG, PPM, TIFF, XBM and XPM
  • LaTeX, Metafont, Pic, PiCTeX and TeX-related back ends
  • Gerber, AutoCAD Slide, HP/GL and other legacy formats

For TeX workflows, documented back ends include box, epic, eepic, eepicemu, pict2e, pstricks and tikz. TeX-oriented output can allow labels to be typeset by TeX rather than rendered as ordinary graphic text.

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Available formats and options depend on the installed fig2dev version and how it was built. Instead of assuming that every documented back end is present, inspect the local installation:

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fig2dev -help
man fig2dev

Keep the .fig source even after exporting to PDF, EPS, SVG or a raster format. The exported file is publication output; the Fig file remains the editable source.

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Troubleshooting

xfig: command not found

Install the application package:

sudo apt install xfig

If your distribution does not package it, consult the Xfig project site and its linked source project.

The X display cannot be opened

This usually indicates an environment problem rather than a damaged Fig file. Check that an X server or compatible XWayland session is active, that DISPLAY is correct, and that remote sessions have the required X forwarding or display permissions.

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Export is unavailable

Install the companion package:

sudo apt install fig2dev

Then inspect the installed manual for the exact language name and options supported by your build.

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Text changes after opening or exporting

Check for missing fonts, different X11 font configuration, unavailable TeX fonts and differences between export back ends. Test on the system that will produce the final publication output, and keep the native source alongside the exported file.

An imported image is missing

The Fig file may refer to an external image path rather than containing a fully self-contained copy. Keep imported images with the project, restore the expected paths where possible and verify the result before exporting.

Output differs between machines

Compare the Xfig and fig2dev versions, fonts, page size, orientation, image paths, export language and installed TeX or PostScript utilities. These dependencies can affect both layout and final rendering.

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Who should use Xfig today?

Xfig is a sensible choice when you need to maintain existing Fig files, work in an X11-based Unix environment, create structured technical diagrams or integrate labels with a TeX-oriented publishing pipeline. It is also valuable when preserving an established workflow matters more than adopting a newer interface.

It is a poor default for collaborative browser-based diagrams, real-time team editing, photo composition, page layout, branding or polished modern vector illustration. Its X11 dependency and older interaction model add friction on systems that no longer treat X applications as native desktop software.

Xfig compared with alternatives

Need Xfig’s position Possible alternative
Edit existing .fig files Strongest and most direct option Usually no complete replacement
LaTeX-oriented technical figures Strong historical fit TikZ/PGF or Ipe
Modern general vector illustration Weak to moderate Inkscape
Circuit diagrams Possible with libraries and manual construction KiCad or a specialist EDA tool
Collaborative browser diagrams Poor fit diagrams.net or Figma
Programmatic reproducibility Moderate through Fig files and conversion TikZ, Asymptote or generated SVG
Cross-platform polished GUI Weak Inkscape or another current design application

For newly authored work, TikZ/PGF or Ipe may provide a better TeX-centered workflow, while Inkscape is generally more comfortable for modern vector illustration. Dedicated circuit-design tools are preferable when electrical connectivity, simulation or manufacturing output matters. None of those choices is a straightforward substitute when the requirement is to edit an existing Fig archive.

Is Xfig still worth using?

Yes—but mainly for its niche. Xfig is still a practical editor for legacy technical illustrations and a credible component of an X11/TeX publishing pipeline. It should not be presented as a modern all-purpose design application. If you are starting a new general illustration project, a current vector editor or specialized diagram tool will usually be easier. If you have valuable .fig files, however, installing Xfig and preserving the associated fonts, images and conversion tools may be the most reliable way to keep them editable.

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