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Human-centric lighting (HCL) in an underground space means designing for more than seeing. The lighting must support the visual task—driving, finding a platform, detecting a hazard or doing a job—while also considering comfort, perceived atmosphere, timing and possible non-visual responses. The correct solution depends on the space: a road tunnel, passenger station, metro cabin and working mine do not have the same users, risks or rules.
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Evidence supports a careful, context-specific process rather than one “human-centric” recipe. Start with the applicable safety requirements and visual performance, then assess spectrum, timing, glare, controls, surfaces and maintenance. Research on simulated metro cabins and selected subway stations is promising but cannot be turned into a universal operating rule or a medical guarantee.
What human-centric lighting means below ground
Human-centric lighting is an approach to lighting decisions that includes visual and non-visual human responses. Visual performance covers the ability to see faces, signs, platform edges, obstacles, machinery and road markings. Non-visual considerations include the effects that light exposure, timing and spectral characteristics may have on alertness, mood, sleep-wake timing and perceived comfort.
ISO/TR 9241-610:2022 summarizes knowledge about non-visual effects of artificial and natural lighting. Station-design guidance from Network Rail treats daylight and non-visual effects as design considerations and describes circadian lighting as one aspect of human-centric lighting. That guidance also notes that such systems may influence the perceived atmosphere of a station; it does not quantify a passenger health benefit.
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A free scan shows the junk files, broken settings and background clutter dragging Windows down - then fixes them in one click.Free scan · Windows 10 & 11HCL is therefore not a lamp type, a color-temperature setting or a certification. A tunable-white luminaire can be part of an HCL system, but only when its output, timing, controls, space and tasks are deliberately coordinated. A fixed LED installation can also be human-centered if it delivers the required visual performance, controls glare and supports the people who use the space.
Why underground spaces need different lighting decisions
“Underground” describes a location, not a single lighting problem. Geometry, traffic, occupancy, work tasks and emergency procedures change from one setting to another.
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| Space | Typical users | Primary visual task | HCL questions after safety is met | Rules and evidence to check |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Passenger station | Passengers, station staff, security and cleaners | Wayfinding, reading signs, identifying platform edges, stairs, people and obstacles | Does the scene feel legible and comfortable during long waits? Can daylight or scheduled scenes support a coherent day-night experience without glare? | Station and accessibility requirements, emergency lighting rules, local electrical and fire codes, and operator standards |
| Metro cabin | Passengers and train staff | Boarding, reading information, recognizing faces and maintaining balance while the vehicle moves | How do CCT, illuminance, flicker, reflections and journey time affect comfort, alertness and perceived crowding? | Rolling-stock, transport and fire requirements; evidence from the specific vehicle and route |
| Road tunnel or underpass | Drivers, cyclists, pedestrians and maintenance crews | Rapid detection of vehicles, lane edges, obstacles, signs and changes between daylight and tunnel conditions | Can controls and maintenance preserve visibility through transitions, dirt and lamp ageing without distracting drivers? | National road-tunnel rules and project requirements. CEN/TR 14380:2024 covers road tunnels and underpasses carrying motorized and mixed traffic, not every underground interior. |
| Working mine | Miners, supervisors, contractors and emergency responders | Detecting roof, floor, machinery, people, dust, trip hazards and changing work faces | Can light reduce glare and visual fatigue during shifts while supporting alertness and recovery outside work? | Occupational-health, mine-safety and electrical requirements, task-specific risk assessments and operator procedures |
The comparison matters because a comfortable station scene cannot be copied into a tunnel where drivers need adaptation to outdoor luminance, and a mine intervention cannot be assumed to suit public passengers.
What current studies actually show
Simulated metro-cabin study
A 2026 PubMed-indexed study by Daren Wei and colleagues involved 60 healthy adults in simulated metro-cabin conditions. It used a 3-by-3 mixed design that varied illuminance and correlated color temperature (CCT) across morning, afternoon and evening sessions. The abstract reported condition-specific associations rather than a single best setting: afternoon 4300 K was associated with efficient integration in a dorsolateral prefrontal network; 6500 K was associated with increased alertness; 2700 K with mood regulation; and 4300 K with cognitive processing.
Those findings are early neurophysiological evidence under controlled, simulated conditions. The study does not establish long-term passenger outcomes, prove a safety improvement in operating trains, identify an optimal recipe for every passenger or show that warmer or cooler light produces a health benefit in all settings. Age, chronotype, medical conditions, journey length, cabin geometry, surface reflectance and personal preference can all change a response. Treat the results as hypotheses to test in a particular vehicle or station, not as a transport standard.
Subway public-space study
A separate 2025 study examined visual comfort and perceived safety in subway public spaces. In the investigated settings it reported benchmark parameters of 140–270 lux and 4428–6250 K. The paper cautions that its conclusions primarily apply to stations with layouts, passenger flows and construction standards similar to the Shanghai and Xuzhou stations studied.
These figures demonstrate why a lighting brief must describe geometry and materials as well as numbers. Ceiling height, wall and floor reflectance, sightlines, contrast, signs and crowd density interact with illuminance and CCT. The reported ranges are not universal targets for a station, cabin, tunnel or mine.
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Road tunnels: traffic safety remains the governing task
CEN/TR 14380:2024 describes current European practice for road tunnels and underpasses. Its scope addresses arrangements, levels, daylight and other parameters connected to traffic safety. It uses photometric considerations and maintained luminance or illuminance values, discusses several methods and states, “No single method is recommended.” Visual comfort is generally handled in agreement with national rules.
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For drivers, a scene that feels pleasantly warm is irrelevant if it creates veiling reflections, reduces contrast or makes the entrance transition unsafe. HCL considerations can inform glare control, alertness and staff conditions, but they cannot displace adaptation requirements, emergency visibility or maintained performance.
Mines: lighting for hazards, shifts and difficult surfaces
NIOSH describes underground mines as difficult environments to illuminate. Confined spaces, dust, poorly reflecting surfaces and low visual contrast make hazards harder to recognize. Research has examined glare and hazard detection, while NIOSH continues to investigate the feasibility and efficacy of HCL interventions for circadian disruption and well-being.
In a mine, begin with the task and hazard analysis: roof and rib conditions, moving equipment, cable and hose crossings, wet surfaces, dust, escape routes and the visual demands of each work face. A light that appears bright in a measurement may still produce disabling glare or leave a dark hazard behind a worker. Head-mounted, task and area lighting may need different optical distributions and controls.
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Shift timing adds a human-factors question. John J. Sammarco of NIOSH wrote in “What Is Human-Centric Lighting?” (2021): “Now, there is a new lighting revolution taking place called human-centric lighting (HCL), also known as integrative lighting, that can help improve the safety and health of miners – especially those miners working shifts who experience disruption of their natural circadian rhythm and miners who work underground in conditions of dim artificial light.” This is the article’s framing of a research area, not proof that an intervention has already produced those outcomes in every mine.
A design process that keeps HCL subordinate to safety
- Define the space and people. Record whether the project is a station, cabin, road tunnel, underpass or mine; who occupies it; how long they stay; and who must maintain or evacuate it.
- List the visual tasks and failure consequences. Identify signs, platform edges, lane markings, obstacles, machinery, faces and emergency equipment. Rank what must remain visible during power loss, smoke, dust, rain, dirt or peak traffic.
- Confirm applicable requirements. Check national and local rules, operator standards, accessibility provisions, fire and emergency requirements, occupational rules and the scope of any cited standard. Do not apply CEN/TR 14380:2024 to a station or mine without confirming that it governs the project.
- Survey the existing condition. Map illuminance or luminance, glare sources, contrast, reflections, surface reflectance, daylight at entrances, dirt and lamp age. A digital lux meter can help record illuminance during an observation or retrofit exercise, but it does not establish regulatory compliance, circadian effectiveness or a complete lighting design.
- Set visual-performance criteria. Specify maintained values, uniformity, contrast, glare limits, flicker expectations, emergency levels and adaptation zones using the relevant authority’s method. Keep the measurement plane and maintenance assumptions explicit.
- Add human-response objectives. Decide whether the project is addressing perceived comfort, atmosphere, alertness, shift timing, staff recovery or another documented objective. State what will be measured and what remains uncertain; do not promise a health outcome that has not been demonstrated.
- Model geometry and materials. Test ceiling height, wall and floor reflectance, sign luminance, sightlines and furniture or equipment. The same CCT and illuminance can look different in a bright, reflective station and a dark, absorbent mine.
- Choose controls and scenes. Define who can change output, when changes occur, what happens during faults and how emergency systems override normal scenes. If using tunable white, specify intensity and warm-to-cool limits, transition speed, calibration and fallback settings.
- Commission and verify. Measure installed performance, inspect views from user positions, test transitions and emergency modes, and record results for the operator. Recheck after cleaning, relamping, construction changes or control updates.
- Evaluate with people as well as instruments. Gather structured feedback from passengers, drivers, staff or miners while also checking photometric data. Separate comfort and atmosphere ratings from safety-critical acceptance tests.
Light variables that change the experience
Illuminance and luminance
Illuminance describes light arriving at a surface; luminance describes the brightness of a viewed surface. A higher lux reading does not automatically mean better visibility. Uniformity, contrast and glare determine whether a person can detect an edge or hazard. Tunnel practice often relies on maintained luminance or illuminance values because output falls as lamps age and surfaces become dirty.
Color temperature and spectrum
CCT is a description of the apparent warm-to-cool color of white light, not a direct measure of biological effect. The metro study’s 2700 K, 4300 K and 6500 K associations occurred under particular times, illuminances and simulated-cabin conditions. Changing CCT without considering exposure duration, glare, reflections and task contrast can worsen the experience.
Timing and exposure
Non-visual responses depend on when light is received, for how long and at what intensity and spectrum. A station that is occupied around the clock may need different scenes for morning, daytime, evening cleaning and overnight maintenance, while preserving safe transitions. A mine’s shift schedule raises separate questions about exposure during work and recovery in natural darkness or daylight outside the mine.
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Glare can hide a hazard even when average illuminance is high. Wet floors, polished panels, train windows and tunnel walls can create reflected images that distract or reduce contrast. Specify optical shielding, viewing angles, surface finishes and flicker performance instead of judging a luminaire by CCT alone.
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LEDs, tunable white and controls
NIOSH’s 2021 article gives a historical comparison of about 170 lm/W for white LEDs versus about 15 lm/W for incandescent lighting, and more than 50,000 hours of useful light for white LEDs versus 1,000–3,000 hours for incandescent bulbs. These are the article’s historical figures, not guarantees for a current luminaire or installed service life. Product performance still depends on thermal design, drive current, contamination, controls and operating conditions.
Tunable-white LED luminaires and compatible controls can change intensity and warm-to-cool white output. Signify’s professional documentation describes this product category and its Advance FlexTune system. Such materials demonstrate available capabilities, not suitability for an underground project. The design team must verify ingress protection, temperature range, cleanability, emergency compatibility, control interoperability, cybersecurity where networked, maintenance access and current availability.
Hardware alone does not create HCL. A project needs a documented schedule or responsive control strategy, commissioning, user override rules, a maintenance plan and evidence that the scenes support the intended visual and human objectives. In a safety-critical tunnel, a failed network or sensor must never leave drivers without the required lighting.
How to judge a proposal without overclaiming
- Ask what is being measured. Separate photometric compliance, glare, visual comfort, perceived safety, alertness, mood and sleep-related outcomes. They are different endpoints.
- Check the population and setting. A study of 60 healthy adults in a simulated cabin does not represent children, older passengers, shift workers, people with light sensitivity or a real station exposed to crowding and signage.
- Check the comparison. A single before-and-after survey cannot prove that CCT caused a change if geometry, signage, cleanliness or passenger flow changed at the same time.
- Keep numbers qualified. The 140–270 lux and 4428–6250 K subway benchmarks belong to the studied Shanghai and Xuzhou-like settings. Historical LED efficacy and lifetime figures belong to the cited 2021 NIOSH article.
- Plan for maintenance. Recalibrate sensors, clean optics, inspect emergency overrides and remeasure after relamping. A scene that works on commissioning day may drift as output and reflectance change.
Common mistakes and their fixes
- Using one recipe everywhere: create separate briefs for passenger, traffic and occupational spaces.
- Equating “cooler” with alertness or “warmer” with health: describe the specific study condition and test the intended outcome locally.
- Applying tunnel guidance to all underground interiors: confirm the standard’s scope and the governing national rules.
- Raising lux to solve every visibility complaint: investigate contrast, glare, reflections, uniformity and surface condition first.
- Buying tunable-white hardware before defining scenes: specify tasks, timing, controls, fallback states and maintenance before selecting equipment.
- Calling a meter reading compliance: use a calibrated measurement process and a qualified lighting professional for acceptance.
- Promising a population health benefit: state that no general statistic establishing such a benefit in underground public spaces is available from the cited evidence.
A practical decision rule
Choose the lighting method that first makes the critical visual task reliable under the applicable rules, then improves comfort and atmosphere without adding glare, confusing controls or maintenance risk. Consider non-visual responses as a reason to examine timing, exposure and spectrum—not as permission to bypass safety criteria. For every underground project, document the users, task, geometry, measured performance, control schedule, evidence limits and responsible authority. That discipline turns HCL from a marketing label into a testable design approach.
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