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A 2025 digital study found that simulated cloth contact with a low-relief form produced contours more compatible with the Shroud of Turin image than contact with a fully three-dimensional body. This is a comparison of models, not proof of how the historical cloth was made or whether it is an authentic burial cloth.
The study addresses image geometry and distortion. It does not date the Shroud or identify the material, method, or maker behind its image.
What did the 3D analysis find?
Cicero Moraes’s study, “Image Formation on the Holy Shroud—A Digital 3D Approach,” was published online in Archaeometry on July 28, 2025. It used parametric body modeling, fabric-dynamics simulation, and contact-area mapping to compare a three-dimensional body model with a low-relief model. The journal record and abstract describe the study and its methods.
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A low-relief form has less depth than a volumetric body. When fabric drapes over a three-dimensional face or body, the transfer to a flat sheet can widen or distort features. Coverage of Moraes’s study describes this as the “Agamemnon Mask effect.” Live Science’s report notes that the study did not test the materials or techniques that could have produced the Shroud.
How should the result be interpreted?
The result supports the interpretation that the image is more compatible with a low-relief matrix than with a simple imprint from a fully three-dimensional body under the simulated conditions. It does not establish that a sculpture or any particular object was used to make the Shroud.
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| Comparison | Reported model result | What it can establish |
|---|---|---|
| Cloth contacting a three-dimensional body | The simulated image showed greater anatomical distortion. | A geometric challenge for a simple full-body contact explanation in this model. |
| Cloth contacting a low-relief form | The simulated pattern was more compatible with the Shroud’s contours. | A closer geometric fit in the tested comparison, not proof of historical image-making. |
The study compares simulated contact geometry. It does not identify the actual matrix, image-making process, material, maker, or date. Its findings should not be treated as a complete forensic examination or as a verdict on the Shroud’s authenticity.
What other image interpretations exist?
An earlier interpretation argued that aspects of the Shroud image were consistent with a body shape beneath naturally draping cloth. In a 1984 Applied Optics paper, John P. Jackson, Eric J. Jumper, and William R. Ercoline discussed image shading and the limitations of proposed formation mechanisms. That work is a prior interpretation of image properties, not a direct test of Moraes’s digital models.
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Historian Andrea Nicolotti, quoted in Live Science’s coverage, criticized the novelty of the geometric observation, saying that the resemblance to an orthogonal projection had been recognized earlier. This is a reported critical response, separate from Moraes’s model result.
What does radiocarbon dating say?
Radiocarbon dating is a separate line of evidence and was not part of the 3D study. The 1989 investigation by Damon and colleagues reported a date range of 1260–1390 CE; that result is relayed in Phys.org’s coverage. Later researchers have disputed whether the tested sample represented the whole cloth. The digital simulation neither confirms nor overturns the radiocarbon result.
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FAQ
Does the study prove that a sculpture made the Shroud?
No. It found a closer geometric match for a low-relief model in a digital simulation. It did not demonstrate that a sculpture was used on the historical cloth.
Did the researchers test the Shroud itself?
The study compared digital models and simulated fabric contact; it was not a new physical or chemical examination of the Shroud.
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Did the 3D analysis date the Shroud?
No. The 2025 study concerns simulated image geometry. The reported 1260–1390 CE radiocarbon range comes from a separate 1989 investigation.
What is the safest conclusion?
In Moraes’s tested models, a low-relief form produced a closer match to the Shroud image contours than a fully three-dimensional body. That finding informs the geometry debate but does not settle the image’s origin, date, or authenticity.
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