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There is no universally accepted scientific list of exactly seven rainbow types. But seven recognizable forms make a useful field guide: primary, secondary, supernumerary, fogbow, red or monochrome, moonbow, and twinned rainbows. These categories overlap rather than forming a strict seven-part taxonomy. For example, a moonbow can be primary or secondary, and a red bow can also have a secondary counterpart.
The quickest way to identify a rainbow is to locate the light source. With sunlight, the Sun is behind you, water droplets are in front of you, and the bow is centered on the point directly opposite the Sun—the antisolar point. With moonlight, the equivalent point is the antilunar point. The World Meteorological Organization’s International Cloud Atlas and the American Meteorological Society describe rainbows as a family of related optical phenomena, not a fixed list of seven species.
How a rainbow forms
A rainbow appears when light from the Sun, Moon, or another source interacts with many airborne liquid-water droplets. Four optical effects are involved:
- Refraction: Light bends as it enters and leaves a droplet.
- Dispersion: Different wavelengths bend by slightly different amounts, separating white light into colors.
- Internal reflection: Light reflects from the inside of the droplet before leaving it.
- Diffraction and wave interference: These become especially important in pale fogbows and in the extra bands of supernumerary rainbows.
In the simplest primary-rainbow path, light enters a droplet, reflects once from its back interior surface, and exits. The light that reaches an observer most strongly comes from droplets positioned at particular angles around the antisolar point. That is why moving your head changes the particular droplets contributing to the bow: a rainbow is not a physical object sitting at a fixed distance. It is an observer-dependent pattern of light.
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The familiar primary bow occupies approximately the 40–42° region around the antisolar point. Red is near a radius of 42°, while violet is nearer 40°. These are angular radii measured from the antisolar point, not the width of the entire rainbow. The NOAA/NASA explanation of rainbow formation provides a useful visual account of this geometry.
Rainbow colors are also not seven sharply separated stripes. Red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet are a familiar naming convention applied to a continuous spectrum. In a real bow, some observers may distinguish fewer colors, especially when the light is weak or the bow is pale. The UK Met Office notes that the seven-color sequence is a useful description, not a set of hard boundaries.
The seven types at a glance
| Appearance | Where to look | Main clue | Primary cause |
|---|---|---|---|
| Primary rainbow | Opposite the Sun or Moon | Red outside, violet inside | One internal reflection |
| Secondary rainbow | Outside the primary | Colors reversed | Two internal reflections |
| Supernumerary rainbow | Immediately inside the primary | Thin pastel bands | Wave interference |
| Fogbow | Fog, mist, low cloud, or spray | Broad and white or gray | Very small droplets |
| Red or monochrome rainbow | Opposite a low Sun | Mostly red or red-orange | Atmospheric scattering |
| Moonbow | Opposite a bright Moon | Usually gray-white to the eye | Moonlight through droplets |
| Twinned rainbow | Within a complex rain shower | One primary-like bow splits | Different droplet populations and drop shapes |
1. Primary rainbow: the familiar first-order bow
What it looks like: The primary rainbow is the bright, familiar arc seen after a shower or in spray from a waterfall, fountain, garden hose, or surf. Its outer edge is red, followed inward by orange, yellow, green, blue, and violet or blue-violet.
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When to see it: At ground level, the Sun generally needs to be below about 42° above the horizon for the primary bow to appear above the horizon. This is why rainbows are common in the morning and afternoon but less likely around midday in many locations. The Sun’s height is not the only requirement: there must also be suitable droplets, a clear path between the Sun and the droplets, and a clear viewing direction.
The lower part of the bow is usually hidden by the horizon or terrain. From an aircraft, mountain, tall building, or other elevated position, an observer may see much more of the circle, provided droplets are below the observer.
2. Secondary rainbow: the classic double rainbow
What it looks like: A secondary rainbow is a fainter arc outside the primary. Its colors are reversed: red is on the inside, closer to the primary, while violet is on the outside. The two bows may be separated by a noticeably darker region.
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How it forms: Light makes two internal reflections inside each droplet instead of one. The extra reflection loses light, which makes the secondary bow dimmer, and reverses its color order. Its red edge is roughly 51° from the antisolar point and its violet edge roughly 54°, so it sits farther from the center than the primary. See the WMO’s secondary-bow guide for the color and angle relationships.
The darker interval between the primary and secondary is called Alexander’s dark band. It is not truly black because scattered light still fills the sky, but it often appears darker than the region inside the primary bow and the region outside the secondary.
Technically, a double rainbow is not one separate mechanism called a double rainbow. It is the simultaneous appearance of a primary and a secondary bow. The everyday term is useful; secondary rainbow is more precise.
3. Supernumerary rainbow: delicate interference bands
What it looks like: Supernumerary bows are narrow, pastel bands immediately inside the primary rainbow. They may appear green, violet, pink, orange, or blue rather than following the broad, familiar sequence of the main bow. They are thinner, softer, and usually less saturated than the primary. In unusual conditions, supernumerary bands can also occur outside a secondary bow.
How they form: These bands result from interference between light waves that take slightly different paths through water droplets. Geometric ray tracing alone cannot explain them. Their existence helped support the wave theory of light, with important historical work by Thomas Young and later optical researchers.
Droplet size matters, but there is no universal cutoff: Supernumeraries are favored when droplets have a relatively uniform size distribution. A broad mixture of droplet sizes tends to blur the interference pattern. It is therefore too simplistic to say that they require droplets smaller than 1 millimeter. The WMO notes that droplets larger than 1 millimeter can produce several supernumerary bows, while smaller droplets can produce fewer, broader patterns. The number and spacing of bands depend on both droplet size and uniformity, as discussed in this Optica study of supernumerary bows.
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How to distinguish them: Supernumeraries hug the inside edge of a main primary bow. If two broad, primary-like arcs appear to branch apart, the display may instead be a twinned rainbow.
4. Fogbow, cloudbow, or mistbow: the pale white rainbow
What it looks like: A fogbow is a very broad, pale white or gray arc. It may have a weak reddish fringe on its outer edge and a bluish fringe on its inner edge. Because its colors are so faint, it is sometimes called a white rainbow. The terms cloudbow and mistbow are also used by the WMO.
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How it forms: A fogbow is essentially a primary-rainbow phenomenon produced by sunlight or moonlight passing through very small droplets in fog, mist, low cloud, or fine spray. The droplets change the way color separation is seen, leaving a much wider and less colorful bow. Its main processes are refraction and reflection, with diffraction contributing to the appearance; it is misleading to describe a fogbow as being caused by diffraction alone. The International Cloud Atlas fogbow entry provides the formal description.
Fogbows may be visible from a hill, aircraft, coast, waterfall, or road enveloped in mist. Do not confuse one with a glory: a glory consists of small colored rings around the observer’s shadow, often cast onto cloud or mist from an aircraft. A fogbow is a broad bow centered opposite the light source.
5. Red or monochrome rainbow: a bow at sunset or sunrise
What it looks like: A red rainbow is dominated by red, orange, or reddish tones. It may contain several subtle wavelengths, so red-dominated is more accurate than perfectly monochromatic. A secondary bow can accompany it, and that secondary may also appear mostly red.
How it forms: Near sunrise or sunset, sunlight travels through a longer path in the atmosphere before reaching the rain. Air molecules and aerosols scatter shorter blue and green wavelengths more strongly, leaving the light that reaches the droplets richer in longer red wavelengths. The WMO’s red-rainbow description documents this effect.
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Repair common Windows errors and clear accumulated junk for a smoother, more stable PC - no reinstall needed.Free scan · no reinstallBest viewing conditions: Look with a low Sun behind you and rain, mist, or spray in the opposite direction. Some haze or dust can remove enough shorter-wavelength light to make the bow red, but heavy aerosol pollution may weaken or obscure it entirely. A red bow is therefore not guaranteed at every sunset; the appearance depends on the atmosphere and the rain curtain.
6. Moonbow or lunar rainbow: a rainbow after dark
What it looks like: A moonbow forms when moonlight passes through rain, waterfall spray, mist, or another population of water droplets. It uses the same basic optics as a solar rainbow, but it is much dimmer. To a dark-adapted observer, it often looks gray or white, with little obvious color.
Why photographs show more color: Human color vision becomes less sensitive in low light. A camera using a longer exposure can collect enough light to reveal colors that are difficult for the eye to perceive. The National Park Service’s Yosemite moonbow guidance notes this difference between unaided viewing and photography.
What you need: The best conditions usually include a bright, nearly full Moon, a dark sky, droplets opposite the Moon, and a clear line of sight. A waterfall is convenient because it supplies persistent spray, but it is not required: a rain shower, fountain, surf, or fine mist can also produce a moonbow. The Moon must be low enough in the sky for the bow to rise above the horizon. The American Meteorological Society definition of a lunar rainbow explains the relationship between moonlight and the ordinary rainbow geometry.
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Repair Windows errors before they cause bigger problemsFix Now →Scan for outdated or missing drivers - takes under a minuteDriver Scan →Moonbow is a light-source category, not necessarily a separate geometric order. A moonbow can be primary, secondary, or show supernumerary features.
7. Twinned rainbow: one primary bow that splits
What it looks like: A twinned rainbow appears as two adjacent, primary-looking branches that seem to split from one bow. The branches may share a common base and generally retain the color arrangement of a primary rainbow.
How it forms: Twinning is exceptionally rare and is associated with complex populations of raindrops of different sizes. Research has also connected the effect with the size-dependent, nonspherical shapes of falling drops. Raindrops are not perfectly spherical as they fall; larger drops can flatten or deform, changing the paths available to light. The Optica analysis of a twinned rainbow examines the observation and reconstruction of this unusual display, while the WMO identifies twinning in its primary-rainbow material.
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Do not confuse twinning with supernumeraries: A twinned bow consists of two broad, primary-like branches. Supernumeraries are narrow pastel interference bands immediately inside a main bow. They may occur together, but they are not the same phenomenon. The WMO specifically notes that the inner branch of a twinned bow does not resemble a supernumerary bow.
Rainbow geometry: why the bow is curved, partial, or sometimes complete
Every ideal primary or secondary rainbow has circular geometry around the antisolar or antilunar point. On the ground, the observer usually sees only an arc because the horizon, terrain, buildings, and the limited distribution of droplets block the rest of the circle. The bow is not bending around a distant object; it is the visible portion of a circular cone of light reaching the observer.
From an aircraft or high mountain, the horizon may no longer hide the lower portion. If the observer is above the rain or spray, a much larger circle—and in favorable conditions a complete circular rainbow—can be visible. A full-circle rainbow is therefore a viewing geometry, not an eighth optical species.
The exact visible shape also depends on where droplets are located. A brief shower may illuminate only one fragment of the required droplet field, producing a broken-looking bow. Each observer occupies a different position, so each sees light from a different set of droplets and can perceive a slightly different rainbow. Two people standing apart may see bows that appear similar but are not literally the same light pattern.
The primary and secondary angles are also color-dependent. For the primary, red is approximately 42° from the antisolar point and violet approximately 40°. For the secondary, red is around 51° and violet around 54°. The area between the two main bows often looks darker because the primary and secondary scattering patterns leave less directly redirected light there; this is Alexander’s dark band.
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More recognized rainbow forms beyond the seven
The seven-item list is useful for general readers, but it does not include every category recognized in meteorological references. The WMO’s broader photometeor classification includes several additional rainbow forms.
Reflection rainbow
A reflection rainbow forms when sunlight first reflects from a smooth water surface and then illuminates droplets. The reflected light acts as a secondary source, shifting the bow’s geometry. Its center is above the horizon at the anthelic point, and the bow can intersect the ordinary rainbow near the horizon. It is especially associated with lakes, broad rivers, coastal water, and other reflective surfaces. See the WMO explanation of reflection rainbows.
Reflected rainbow
A reflected rainbow is different. Here, sunlight passes through raindrops first and then reflects from a smooth water surface. The resulting bow may appear below the horizon or look inverted. The sequence of events is the key distinction:
- Reflection rainbow: water surface first, droplets second.
- Reflected rainbow: droplets first, water surface second.
The two terms are often used interchangeably in popular descriptions, but the WMO distinguishes them.
Sea-spray bow
A sea-spray bow forms in a screen of droplets thrown up by surf, waves, or wind. The same idea applies to bows seen in waterfall spray, fountains, and garden-hose mist. The WMO recognizes sea-spray bows separately, while the setting explains why a bow can appear even when no rain is falling. See the WMO sea-spray entry.
Tertiary, quaternary, and higher-order rainbows
Higher-order rainbows involve three or more internal reflections inside droplets. A tertiary rainbow appears on the Sun-facing side of the sky, where glare and forward-scattered light make it extremely difficult to see. Reliable photographic evidence for natural tertiary rainbows has been published, but they are exceptionally rare in ordinary observation. A natural fifth-order rainbow has also been reported photographically. These higher orders are best treated as advanced examples rather than casually labeling every collection of arcs a multiple rainbow. See the research on third-order rainbow evidence, tertiary-rainbow visibility, and fifth-order rainbow photography.
Colorful sky displays that are not rainbows
Color alone does not make a phenomenon a rainbow. The droplet environment, light source, position in the sky, and geometry matter.
- Halos and sundogs
- These are mainly produced by refraction and reflection in ice crystals, often in high cloud. A sundog is a bright colored patch beside the Sun, not a section of an ordinary water-droplet rainbow.
- Coronas
- These are small colored rings close to the Sun or Moon, generally produced by diffraction through small cloud droplets. Their rings are centered on the light source rather than the antisolar point.
- Glories
- These are compact colored rings around the observer’s shadow, often seen from an aircraft above a cloud layer. They are associated with backscattering and wave effects in droplets, but the AMS treats them as separate from rainbows.
- Cloud iridescence
- This appears as colored patches or bands in clouds when diffraction by similarly sized droplets or ice particles separates light. It lacks the characteristic antisolar geometry of a rainbow.
- The so-called fire rainbow
- Despite its name, a fire rainbow is generally a circumhorizontal arc, a halo-family display formed by ice crystals in high cloud under suitable solar geometry. It is not a liquid-water rainbow. The AMS rainbow glossary and the WMO photometeor classification separate halos, coronas, and glories from rainbows.
How to identify a rainbow in the field
- Find the light source. For a solar bow, put the Sun behind you. For a moonbow, locate the Moon behind you. If the colorful arc is centered near the Sun, it is probably a halo, corona, or circumhorizontal arc instead.
- Find the droplets. Look for rain, drizzle, fog, waterfall spray, sea spray, a fountain, or another source of suspended liquid water in front of you.
- Check the color order. Primary bows have red on the outside and violet inside. Secondary bows have red inside and violet outside.
- Inspect the band shape. Narrow pastel stripes hugging a main primary bow suggest supernumeraries. Two broad primary-like branches suggest a twinned bow.
- Consider the light level. A pale bow in fog may be a fogbow. A bow at night may be a moonbow, especially if it is opposite a bright Moon and photographs show more color than your eyes do.
- Check the viewing height. A complete circle is possible from an elevated position, but it is a consequence of viewing geometry rather than a separate rainbow type.
A painter’s guide to representing the seven forms
For an accurate painting, avoid treating every rainbow as seven equally wide, equally saturated stripes. The spectrum is continuous, and the visual strength of each band changes with droplet size, light source, atmospheric haze, and distance.
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- Primary rainbow: Paint a broad, luminous gradient with red on the outside and violet on the inside. Keep the transitions soft rather than drawing hard borders.
- Secondary rainbow: Make it wider and substantially fainter than the primary, place it outside the first bow, and reverse the color order. A subtly darker Alexander’s band can increase realism.
- Supernumeraries: Use thin, low-saturation pastel bands close to the inner edge of the primary. They should not look like a second broad rainbow.
- Fogbow: Favor a broad white or gray arc with only restrained color at its edges. Excessively saturated paint turns it into an ordinary rainbow.
- Red rainbow: Preserve a little tonal variation within the red-orange bow instead of using a single pure red stripe.
- Moonbow: Keep the bow quiet and low-contrast in the scene. A photographic reference may contain more visible color than a human observer would perceive.
- Twinned rainbow: Show two broad, neighboring primary-like branches, not a main bow surrounded by thin interference bands.
Why lists of rainbow types differ
Different lists count different things. One list may group primary and secondary bows by the number of internal reflections. Another may group moonbows and red bows by their light source or atmospheric conditions. A third may count full-circle geometry as a type, even though the underlying optics are the same as an ordinary bow.
That is why popular seven-type articles can include primary, double, multiple, supernumerary, circular, monochrome, and moonbows while treating fogbows as an additional category. The Farmers’ Almanac’s popular list illustrates this mixed approach. A more careful field guide should say what its counting rule is, include twinned bows, and acknowledge formally recognized reflection, reflected, and sea-spray bows.
There is also no defensible universal ranking of which named rainbow is the rarest. Tertiary and higher-order bows are demonstrably extraordinarily difficult to observe naturally, while the frequency of other forms depends heavily on climate, landscape, droplet conditions, and how closely people watch the sky.
Frequently Asked Questions
Why is my rainbow incomplete or apparently upside down?
An ordinary rainbow may look incomplete because the horizon, terrain, buildings, or a limited rain curtain hides part of its circular geometry. From high elevation, more of the circle can become visible. An arc high above the Sun that appears upside down is more likely to be an ice-crystal halo such as a circumzenithal or circumhorizontal arc than a conventional water-droplet rainbow.
Why are the colors reversed in a double rainbow?
The outer secondary bow forms after light undergoes two internal reflections inside droplets rather than one. That extra reflection reverses the color order: red is on the inner edge and violet on the outer edge. The inner primary bow has red outside and violet inside.
Can a rainbow occur at night?
Yes. A moonbow is produced by moonlight passing through rain, mist, waterfall spray, sea spray, or another droplet population. A bright, nearly full Moon and a dark sky are most favorable. It often looks gray-white to the unaided eye, although a long-exposure photograph may record its colors.
Is a full-circle rainbow a different type?
No. Primary and secondary rainbows have circular geometry around the antisolar or antilunar point. Ground observers usually see only an arc because the horizon blocks the lower portion. From an aircraft, mountain, or other elevated location, a much larger portion or the entire circle may be visible.
Why does my camera show more moonbow color than my eyes?
Moonlight is much dimmer than sunlight, so the dark-adapted human eye has limited color sensitivity. A camera can use a longer exposure and collect more light, making subtle color separation visible in the image.
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Usually not. The name commonly refers to a circumhorizontal arc, a halo-family display produced by ice crystals in high cloud. Its colorful appearance can resemble a rainbow, but it is not formed by the ordinary liquid-water-droplet process and is not centered on the antisolar point.
Can a rainbow appear at noon?
Yes, if the Sun is low enough at that location and season—for example, at high latitude or during a winter midday—and rain or spray is opposite it. At many places, the midday Sun is too high for a primary bow to rise above the horizon.
Can two people see different rainbows?
Yes. Each person sees light redirected from a different set of droplets, so each observer has a slightly different observer-dependent bow. The displays may look aligned, but they are not a single physical arc occupying one fixed location.
Why do some rainbows look white?
Very small droplets in fog or mist produce a broad fogbow. Their optical behavior weakens or spreads the visible color separation, so the bow appears white or gray with only faint colored fringes. A weak moonbow can also look white because moonlight is too dim for the eye to distinguish much color.
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The Bottom Line
Seven is a useful way to organize the rainbow displays most readers want to recognize, but it is not a universal scientific taxonomy. Start with the geometry: put the Sun or Moon behind you, find droplets ahead, and locate the bow around the antisolar or antilunar point. Then use color order and band shape—red outside for a primary, reversed colors for a secondary, pastel inner bands for supernumeraries, and a broad pale arc for a fogbow—to identify what you are seeing.
For the fullest picture, remember the additional reflection, reflected, sea-spray, and higher-order bows, and keep halos, coronas, glories, cloud iridescence, and so-called fire rainbows in their proper optical categories.
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