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In 1906, Sachindra Prasad (SP) Bose and Hemchandra Kanungo created an early Indian nationalist flag during the Swadeshi movement. They unfurled it at Parsi Bagan Square in Calcutta on 7 August 1906. It was an unofficial banner, not the legally adopted flag used by India today, but it gave the independence movement a powerful shared symbol.
Why did people need a flag?
Lord Curzon announced the partition of Bengal in 1903, and the partition took effect on 16 October 1905. Many people saw the division as an attempt to weaken political unity. Protests spread, schools closed, and people joined the Swadeshi movement, which encouraged Indians to boycott British goods and support goods made in India.
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1Clear out junk files and repair common Windows errors2Scan for outdated or missing drivers - takes under a minute3Repair Windows errors before they cause bigger problemsThe struggle was growing beyond Bengal. Activists needed a sign that could speak to people imagining freedom for the whole of India, not just one province. A flag could be carried, displayed and recognised even by people who spoke different languages.
Who were the two designers?
SP Bose and student activism
SP Bose became active in student politics after Bengal was partitioned. When the colonial government tried to stop students from joining political activity, he started the Anti-Circular Society. The group opposed official orders that restricted student participation.
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Bose was arrested in 1908 and sent to Rawalpindi jail. He died in February 1941, several years before India became independent.
Hemchandra Kanungo and revolutionary work
Hemchandra Kanungo was also involved in the revolutionary movement. He sold his house to pay for study in France, where he learned bomb-making. After returning to the wider anti-colonial network, he worked with Aurobindo Ghosh, Barin Ghosh and other revolutionaries.
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Kanungo was sentenced to life imprisonment in the Cellular Jail. He was released in 1921 and lived until 1951. Accounts generally credit Bose and Kanungo together with designing the Calcutta flag; they do not establish that one man created every part of it alone.
What did the 1906 Calcutta flag look like?
The flag had three horizontal bands. Its colours, writing and symbols were meant to express unity, resistance to colonial rule and hope for a future nation.
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| Band | What appeared on it | What it communicated |
|---|---|---|
| Top: orange | Eight flowers | The flowers represented the eight major British provinces in which the freedom struggle was active. |
| Middle: yellow | “Vande Mataram” written in Devanagari | The words formed a patriotic salute to the motherland and connected the flag with the language of the Swadeshi movement. |
| Bottom: green | A sun in one corner, and a crescent moon with a star in the other | Different visual traditions appeared together on one banner, suggesting a broad and united movement. |
The eight flowers were a map-like idea rather than a list of eight individual flower species. They stood for the provinces where resistance was active. The design therefore tried to show that the cause belonged to many regions.
Where was it first unfurled?
The banner was presented with a public ceremony at Parsi Bagan Square in Calcutta on 7 August 1906. The date was chosen as the first anniversary of the partition of Bengal as observed through Boycott Day.
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The Indian Council for Cultural Relations describes it as the first tricolour national flag hoisted in Calcutta on that occasion. Historians and institutions use slightly different labels: some call it the first national flag, while others call it the first unofficial national flag. The careful description is “an early, unofficial Indian nationalist flag,” because the modern national flag was adopted only in 1947.
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The flag also appeared at the Calcutta Congress session in December 1906, where Dadabhai Naoroji raised it. That helped carry the design from a local protest ceremony into a major national political gathering.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.How was it connected to Bhikaji Cama’s flag?
A closely related banner was displayed by Bhikaji Cama at the International Socialist Congress in Stuttgart, Germany, on 22 August 1907. The ICCR account says that version was made by Hem Chandra Kanungo in Paris.
The setting was different. The Calcutta flag addressed people taking part in an anti-partition and boycott movement at home; Cama’s display addressed an international audience. Both used the idea of a tricolour to present India as a people seeking self-rule. The Stuttgart banner should therefore be understood as a related development, not as proof that the 1906 flag was already the final national design.
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The 1906 banner began a long sequence of experiments. The colours, emblems and arrangements changed as different leaders considered how a national flag should represent India.
- 1921: Pingali Venkayya’s more familiar design entered the evolution of the Indian flag.
- 1931: A standardisation of the flag’s colours marked another step toward a common national design.
- 22 July 1947: The Constituent Assembly formally adopted the modern Indian national flag.
The Press Information Bureau describes this evolution as a chronicle of India’s journey toward self-determination. The Calcutta flag matters because it came at an early moment when the independence movement was learning to imagine India as one political community.
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What should children remember?
- Partition and the Swadeshi boycott created the need for a symbol that could unite people.
- SP Bose and Hemchandra Kanungo are generally credited with the 1906 Calcutta design.
- Its orange, yellow and green bands carried flowers, the words “Vande Mataram,” a sun, and a crescent moon with a star.
- The eight flowers represented eight major British provinces involved in the struggle.
- It was an early unofficial nationalist flag, not the legally adopted flag of independent India.
- Its ideas influenced the continuing evolution that led to the 1947 national flag.
Learning about this banner shows that national symbols are often created over time. Before India had its present flag, activists used colour, words and pictures to express the hope that the country could govern itself.
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