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To make a small wire-wound spring, spring wire is coiled—hot or cold—into an elastic form. That explains the basic process, but it is not enough to choose a wire size or make a spring that will safely meet a particular load or last for a required number of cycles. Those decisions depend on the spring’s job, dimensions, material grade, and working conditions.
How do you make a spring from wire?
A wire-wound spring is formed by coiling spring wire into the required shape. The American Society of Mechanical Engineers describes the basic principle as coiling hot or cold spring wire to create an elastic device. The exact forming setup depends on the spring and wire; the available manufacturing description is not a complete procedure for making a particular spring at home.
For a small spring, a mandrel or coiling jig can help guide the wire into a coil. It is an optional forming aid, not a substitute for choosing suitable material and dimensions or checking that the finished spring performs as required. No particular jig size or setup applies to every spring.
What does “spring wire” mean?
“Spring wire” describes wire intended for spring applications, but it does not identify one interchangeable material or one universal processing method. The wire’s specification matters because it sets requirements for its composition and properties and may determine what processing is appropriate.
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- High-carbon spring wire: ASTM A713-24 covers high-carbon spring wire for components that are heat treated after fabrication. Its requirements include material composition, metallurgical structure, and mechanical properties. ASTM lists the specification as active and last updated March 19, 2024.
- 17-7 PH spring wire: SAE J217_201604 covers corrosion-resisting 17-7 PH wire intended for springs and wire forms heat treated after forming. SAE lists this recommended practice, dated April 5, 2016, as stabilized.
These examples show why processing instructions cannot be transferred from one wire grade to another. Follow the specification and the wire supplier’s guidance for the actual material. The cited standards do not establish one heat-treatment temperature, duration, or quench method for all spring wire.
What must be specified before you make or select a spring?
The words “make springs” do not say what the spring must do. Before choosing a material or forming method, establish the design inputs that determine whether a spring will fit and perform as intended:
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- Spring type: compression, extension, torsion, or another form.
- Space and geometry: available space, wire diameter, coil diameter, and required working travel.
- Performance: load and the movement or deflection over which that load is needed.
- Service conditions: required cycle life and exposure to corrosion or temperature.
- Manufacturing and verification: the process to use and how the finished spring’s fit and performance will be checked.
Without these inputs, the correct wire and geometry cannot be determined. There is no reliable universal wire gauge or thermal recipe for an unspecified spring.
Should you wind a spring, use a machined spring, or buy one?
| Option | Construction | When it may fit |
|---|---|---|
| Wire-wound spring | Spring wire is coiled into an elastic element. | The basic option to consider when the required spring shape and performance can be specified and verified. |
| Machined spring | A helical slot is cut into a tube-like form. | A possible alternative when its capabilities suit the application; ASME says it costs more to manufacture than a wire-wound spring. |
| Specified commercial spring | A manufactured spring is selected against an application requirement. | A practical choice when fit, load, reliability, or service life must be known and you cannot validate a homemade part. |
ASME’s general comparison says wire-wound springs can be made in seconds, while machining takes minutes at a minimum with specialized equipment. These are broad manufacturing comparisons, not guaranteed production times or retail-price claims.
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If the spring must meet a defined load or reliability target and you cannot specify or verify a homemade part, choose a commercially made spring against the application requirements. Ask a spring supplier to help match the spring to those requirements rather than relying on a wire size or shape alone.
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Sources
- ASME, “Coiled Wire or Machined Springs: Making the Right Choice”, attributed to Hel Boehm and identified as appearing in Mechanical Engineering in August 2010.
- ASTM International, A713-24, “Standard Specification for Steel Wire, High-Carbon Spring, for Heat-Treated Components”.
- SAE International, J217_201604, “Stainless Steel 17-7 PH Spring Wire and Springs”.
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