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Garuda Pancasila is the national emblem of Indonesia. Its legally defined design combines a right-facing Garuda, a shield representing the five principles of Pancasila, and the motto Bhinneka Tunggal Ika (“Unity in Diversity”) on a ribbon held in the bird’s claws. The symbols and even the feather counts are specified in Indonesian law.
What is Garuda Pancasila?
Garuda Pancasila is the national emblem of the Republic of Indonesia—not simply a drawing of the country’s national bird. The emblem has three principal elements: the Garuda, a shield suspended from its neck, and a ribbon bearing the national motto.
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Article 46 of Law No. 24 of 2009 describes the Garuda’s head as facing straight to the right, the shield as heart-shaped and hung from the bird’s neck by a chain, and the motto as written on a ribbon clutched in its claws. The official legal text is in Indonesian; this is an explanatory translation of the article’s description. Read UU No. 24 Tahun 2009, Articles 46–48, at JDIH BPK.
What do the shield’s five symbols mean?
The shield is divided into five compartments, each corresponding to one of Pancasila’s five principles. Article 48 of Law No. 24 of 2009 also says the thick black line across the shield represents the equator.
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| Shield symbol | Principle represented |
|---|---|
| Five-pointed star | Belief in One Supreme God |
| Chain links | Just and civilized humanity |
| Banyan tree | The unity of Indonesia |
| Bull’s head | Democracy guided by inner wisdom in deliberation and representation |
| Rice and cotton | Social justice for all Indonesians |
These are the meanings assigned to the symbols in the law, rather than interpretations inferred from the images alone.
What does Bhinneka Tunggal Ika mean?
Bhinneka Tunggal Ika is Indonesia’s national motto, displayed on the ribbon held by the Garuda. Indonesia’s government portal explains it as expressing that the country’s many ethnic groups, religions, and languages remain one Indonesia. The phrase is commonly rendered in English as “Unity in Diversity.” Indonesia.go.id’s explanation of Indonesia’s diversity provides that unity-focused context.
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Why are the Garuda’s feather counts significant?
Article 47 specifies the number of feathers in the emblem’s design: each wing has 17, the tail has 8, the base of the tail has 19, and the neck has 45. These are statutory design details, not statistics about Indonesia’s population.
The same article says the beak, wings, tail, and claws embody lambang tenaga pembangunan, meaning a symbol of the power of development or building. The legal text thus connects the bird’s form both to exact visual specifications and to a broader idea of national development.
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How is the emblem defined in Indonesian law?
Law No. 24 of 2009, titled Bendera, Bahasa, dan Lambang Negara, serta Lagu Kebangsaan (the flag, language, and national emblem, and the national anthem), was dated 9 July 2009. JDIH BPK lists it as in force. The database notes that Articles 66–71 were partially repealed by Law No. 1 of 2023; those provisions concern penalties and do not alter the emblem description in Articles 46–48. See the law’s JDIH BPK record and status.
The emblem’s legal history reaches back to Government Regulation No. 66 of 1951, Lambang Negara. That regulation sets out the Garuda, heart-shaped shield, and motto ribbon as the emblem’s components, and describes the Garuda’s beak, wings, tail, and claws as representing the power of development. It also refers to the Garuda’s gold color and red and white in the central shield. The BPK legal database lists the regulation as in force, with an effective date of 17 August 1950 and an enactment date of 17 October 1951. Read PP No. 66 Tahun 1951; view its JDIH BPK record and status.
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